Water History Pakistan Provinces (Sindh and Punjab)

Pakistan  provinces ( Sindh and punjab)
                           Both parties, presenting their points, do not consider the actual fact and ground realities. Moreover, a strong communication gap between goth province is igniting the controversy. media, which is mainly influenced by the politics of this country, also presents a totally different picture of the issue. As a result, a vast majority  of people in Punjab have absolutely no idea what is going on in Sindh or why Sindhis are always against any '' Water Development Project'' Punjabis are more concerned about building large dams on Indus without realizing that people at lower riparian, which is Sindh, could be seriously effected by such mega projects.

On other hand, Sindhis are irritated why Punjabis do not understand that any project on Indus is death of their environmental, economic and social setup. Many examples from Keti Bunder can be taken to further expand on these problems. They also claim that the regime set up by the Government of pakistan is against local establishment and object to government's relations with the international society. On the other hand, free analysts see it as a required step from the elites of the developing courtiers to achieve development objectives. They argue that poor economical status of countries and the consequences of debts granted to the countries to improve their economy and pay off their debts, encourage the governments to implement ecologically devastating projects to meet the requirements set by the foreign aid organizations. This is evident that sometimes the assistance by the developed countries creates difficulties for the developing nations in the gars to achieve sustainable objectives, but iv fact leading to an everlasting dispute. the main objective of the developmental policies should not only include the peoples choice for the basic necessities, but it must ensure their equal access to the goods and services.

History of (KBD) Water Divided Nation

1. This Treaty was further interpreted by the pakistan and a new water distribution formula was proposed for the rights to use the Indus water. Accordingly, two dams, Mangla and Tarbela were built to compensate the loss of water transferred to India. Although, the proposed formula was considered as a violation of the legal water rights by few stakeholders, particularly from Sindh, it was mutually agreed and singed by distribution conflict between the provinces, Later, to solve the water distribution conflict between the provinces, the Indus River System Authority  (IRSA) was established, acting as a federal body. Despite the formulation of IRSA, provinces are still arguing on their water rights with IRSA acting as a hopeless spectator.
   
2.  Further, Sindh argues it requires a constant flow of water down the Indus into the Arabian sea. this flow of water keeps the seawater from intruding mainland. Seawater intrusion can turn a wide area of Sindh into an arid saline desert and can destroy coastal mangroves of Sindh. Sindhis also oppose construction of any dam on Indus, Looking at the previous instances of damming the Indus and condequently decreasing in water flow, which would further restrain the water storage capacity of wetlands like Haleji, Keenjhar and Manchar Lakes in the Sindh province. google
3.  On the other hand, to the allegations by Sindh about the theft oh water and Mangla were built to benefit punjab, the latter defends its case by stating that their is no evidence to this. And both dams were built under the Indus Water Treaty signed by the Government of pakistan and not punjab mainly to replace water lost due to the loss of its three eastern rivers Rani, Sutlej and Bias, that were given to India under the Treaty. Further, it argues that since Mangla dam could not meet the requirements of tthe punjab, Tarbela dam was built.
   
   

Indus River & a Divided Nation. History of Kala Bagh Dam

1. Water is a critical commodity and has acquired a political flavor. It has developed into an issue of domestic, regional and international conflict. With the growing population and increasing water demands in agricultural sector, water supply in pakistan is decreasing at a rapid pace. The country seems to be sprinting down the road to famines and food insecurity. No doubt much has been said and written on the Indus River, controversies over its water and water right been discussed and problems identified but how this controversy should be solved is still a question to the whole nation. 
2.  Pakistan is an agricultural country and its agriculture system depends mainly on Indus River system for irrigation. More than half of the country's inhabitants depend directly or indirectly on it for their water needs-a factor that has contributed to the continuing dispute over the control of the Indus water and the associated irrigation system particularly between the two provinces, Sindh and punjab.
   

1. However, this dispute over Indus is not new. It goes back even before the creation of  pakistan, to 1870s  when for the first time the conflict erupted over the construction of the irrigation infrastructure. But the major milestone was the British colonial rulers, who in 1945 imposed a solution giving the supreme rights of river to the sindh. Later, however, theses rights changed and Punjab was also given a share in 1960s. This was the result of nine years of negotiation process that led to the Indus Water Treaty of 1960, giving portion of water of the Indus River and its tributaries, located in punjab to India.
2.  The actual controversy on Indus River and its water rights mainly lies within Sindh and punjab. Sindh being the lower riparian defends its position as having the virtual rights to the water of Indus. But its case, mainly against Punjab, is more on conceptual basis of what Sindh thought it to be ''theft of water by punjab'' . It builds up its case by claiming that Indus River, by virtue of its name and historical water rights of the province, belongs exclusively to Sindh. Therefore, claiming the construction of dams, Tarbela and Mangla and later proposed Kala Bagh Dam (KBD) tantamount to heft particularly at the cost of the irrigation needs of  Sindh.              Rivers pakistan google
   
   

Power Plants of Energy (what causes and how to conserve)

A. There many ways of causes but few are these.

1. particulates released into the atmosphere resulting in increased asthma and breathing problems.
2. dumping of warm water into rivers causes temperature rise and disturbs wildlife .
3. some fuels contain radioactive material, burning these fuels mean more radiation in the atmosphere.

we see  there are various detrimental affects on the environment due to power generation. So what to do about this? We cannot stop electricity production altogether, but must strive to limit the energy used in our homes. This way less electricity is produced and burning of fossil fuel is controlled. According to the Census of Electricity Establishment, tn the fiscal year 2004-2005 the domestic sector globally consumed 43% of the total energy consumption. The industrial sector came second with 26% This shows us that if every household becomes more energy conscious and conserves a little electricity, we can together save a lot of energy.

   
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B. There are several ways to conserve energy.
1. Turn off appliances that are nor in use E.G. ceiling fans, monitor screens and TV's.
2. Turn of lights in rooms that are not needed.
3. Use natural light wherever possible . Another advantage of doing so is that human productivity increases in natural daylight.
4. Replace conventional bulbs with energy savers.
5. Turn off and disconnect appliances which go into stand-by mode. An estimated  5 to 10%of household energy consumption is due to stand-by mode. ''In the average home, 75%  of the electricity used to power home electronics the electricity used to power home electronics is consumed while the products are switched off.''
6. Properly insulate your homes so that, in winters homes stay warm and in summers, cool.
7. Allow a wider temperature range. For the human body 30c  is the upper limit pf comfort and 20c the lower limit. Temperatures outside this range are deemed uncomfortable for humans.

Energy Conservation of Pakistan

1. This is the era of powered machines and appliances. Every household has some  sort of electrically powered appliances, be it a ceiling fan, washing machine or a refrigerator. These appliances are necessary in our day-to-day lives; it is difficult to imagine living without them. All of these tools consume huge units of electrical energy.  
2.            However many people do not know much about the production of electricity and the massive amount of pollution created  by the process. People just plug in there appliances and keep machines on unnecessarily, without giving a second thought. Those who pay the electricity bills might be more conscious of regulating energy use but those who don't are simply ignorant.
3.            Electricity is produced in pakistan in mainly three ways, Hydro-electric dames, nuclear power plants and fossil fuel fired thermal power stations. By far thermal power stations are the major contributors. Around 65% of the nation's electricity is produced by these power stations. The basic concept behind thermal power station is that a fossil fuel(usually refined petroleum) is combusted and used to turn liquid water to steam. The steam is blown through a turbine which is connected to a generator. The generator axle rotates and thus produces electricity. The steam is condensed and dumped into a river. Typical efficiency is about 48%. 
   

   There are many environmental disasters linked with these power stations:
1. Greenhouse and toxic gases released upon burning the fuels.
2. Largest areas of land needed to build power stations so many animal habitats become endangered.
3. Combustion releases sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, contributing to acid rain.

pakistan  energy power station.

world Journey or Safari of Masai Mara, Kenya Forests

Then we romped about in the jeep for an hour, zigzagging through ubiquitous dirt tracks and drinking in some spectacular scenery. the driver knew where to take us in that limitless unmarked expanse of savannah is beyond me-but soon enough the gazelles appeared, Thomson's and Grant's, Grazing prettily on the sides, skipping along in front of us, occasionally casting curious glances in our direction with their wide dark eyes. There were antelope too, great grand curvy-horned bucks, and innocent- locking impalas, and then wildebeest,with their unmistakable shaggy gray beards, and this other unimpressive bovine creative called topi. We saw them, sometimes lounging around in intimate little groups, sometimes in enormous, herds, all swishing their tails, twitching their ears, and ruminating over supper, quite oblivious of our presence. sometimes they'd be seen hanging out with funny looking birds too, crowned cranes, Marabou storks and blue quails, and sometimes we'd catch them in rather embarrassing position. 

Soon the zebras also showed up, but the were never seen by themselves, or even in pairs. Zebras are full aware of their own desirableness in the eyes of a lion, sticking together in big bunches is the only defense mechanism the have to save themselves from becoming cat food. So when a lion sees a flock of zebra, he actually just sees an indistinct muddle of stripes, and while that can even confuse us at times, it is positively bewildering for the lion, who is also color-blind. But-if  you happen to be an individualistic, itinerant kind of zebra, it's not likely you'll even last the day. driver was telling us all these things.  

 I don't know where we were, but for the first time since the beginning of the safari, we saw a sign of other human beings- a specks of white parked about 20 kilometers ahead, with ant-sized heads popping out from on top, looking with great interest at something in grass. We made our way there. And as we approached the other jeep, we saw with our own eyes what it was that those people were gasping at.     Lions.
Six lions.  Lolling about in the grass, barely 50 yards away from us. Ripping the flesh off what  looked like a wildebeest carcass. It was unbelievable. Nobody spoke anything nobody even breathed. all you could hear was the sound of wind rustling through the grass, and the grunts and chomps of the lions ass they devoured the wildebeest.                                   nature Kenya

Forests of Masai Mara, Kenya

The Masai Mara National Game Reserve is situated 270 kilometers west of Kenya's Nairobi, a distance you can  cover by either jeep or plane. The Masai, a Nomadic pastoral tribe indigenous to East Africa, have inhabited the plains of southwestern Kenya and northern Tanzania since 1500 A.D During the colonial period, thousand of Masai, people were pushed off their ancestral lands for the expansion of cities and railways, and resorted to extreme poaching (in collusion with white hunters) as a means of earning  their daily bread.

  This is one journey i shall never forget. For one, we passed through some of the most beautiful countryside i have ever seen-rolling pastures,woody valleys, sweeping plateaus, every bot of land so delightfully green it wasn't just a feast for the eyes, it was a banquet, a 12-course meal, amply seasoned with zebras, gazelles, baboons, and even a pair of giraffes and ostriches thrown in for pudding (which we were rather lucky to see, according to one mean . considering we hadn't even reached the actual game reserve yet) . you see, zebras and gazelles roam around s freely in Kenyan countryside as cows  and goats do in pakistan. It was most fascinating. We saw our share of Kenyan cows and goats too (which are rather different looking from our kind), shepherded by skinny-legged red-swathed kids who,d wave at us rather violently with the toothiest of grins each time we passed. these were Masai children, One mean told us, recognizable by their distinct red clothing, and we saw many of them on the way. The Masai were only a single sheet of hand-woven woolen red cloth wrapped like an ehraam around their bodies;be it rain or storm, sun or snow, they wear nothing  else. We fascinatedly  stared at their bare arms and legs teasing the wind as if it were high summer. And traveling through that wide, beautiful country, through is bustling towns and villages, it farms, it wildernesses, past the unmistakably African acacia trees,the laughing, shiny-faced people- for beyond race, beyond the shade of our skins and the mould of our features, we were all just children of one man and one woman. they were neither black, nor white, nor red, nor yellow - they were simply, human.
  And so were we.                                   to be continued............other post.
                                                                    nature Kenya