Indus River & a Divided Nation. History of Kala Bagh Dam

1. Water is a critical commodity and has acquired a political flavor. It has developed into an issue of domestic, regional and international conflict. With the growing population and increasing water demands in agricultural sector, water supply in pakistan is decreasing at a rapid pace. The country seems to be sprinting down the road to famines and food insecurity. No doubt much has been said and written on the Indus River, controversies over its water and water right been discussed and problems identified but how this controversy should be solved is still a question to the whole nation. 
2.  Pakistan is an agricultural country and its agriculture system depends mainly on Indus River system for irrigation. More than half of the country's inhabitants depend directly or indirectly on it for their water needs-a factor that has contributed to the continuing dispute over the control of the Indus water and the associated irrigation system particularly between the two provinces, Sindh and punjab.
   

1. However, this dispute over Indus is not new. It goes back even before the creation of  pakistan, to 1870s  when for the first time the conflict erupted over the construction of the irrigation infrastructure. But the major milestone was the British colonial rulers, who in 1945 imposed a solution giving the supreme rights of river to the sindh. Later, however, theses rights changed and Punjab was also given a share in 1960s. This was the result of nine years of negotiation process that led to the Indus Water Treaty of 1960, giving portion of water of the Indus River and its tributaries, located in punjab to India.
2.  The actual controversy on Indus River and its water rights mainly lies within Sindh and punjab. Sindh being the lower riparian defends its position as having the virtual rights to the water of Indus. But its case, mainly against Punjab, is more on conceptual basis of what Sindh thought it to be ''theft of water by punjab'' . It builds up its case by claiming that Indus River, by virtue of its name and historical water rights of the province, belongs exclusively to Sindh. Therefore, claiming the construction of dams, Tarbela and Mangla and later proposed Kala Bagh Dam (KBD) tantamount to heft particularly at the cost of the irrigation needs of  Sindh.              Rivers pakistan google
   
   

Power Plants of Energy (what causes and how to conserve)

A. There many ways of causes but few are these.

1. particulates released into the atmosphere resulting in increased asthma and breathing problems.
2. dumping of warm water into rivers causes temperature rise and disturbs wildlife .
3. some fuels contain radioactive material, burning these fuels mean more radiation in the atmosphere.

we see  there are various detrimental affects on the environment due to power generation. So what to do about this? We cannot stop electricity production altogether, but must strive to limit the energy used in our homes. This way less electricity is produced and burning of fossil fuel is controlled. According to the Census of Electricity Establishment, tn the fiscal year 2004-2005 the domestic sector globally consumed 43% of the total energy consumption. The industrial sector came second with 26% This shows us that if every household becomes more energy conscious and conserves a little electricity, we can together save a lot of energy.

   
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B. There are several ways to conserve energy.
1. Turn off appliances that are nor in use E.G. ceiling fans, monitor screens and TV's.
2. Turn of lights in rooms that are not needed.
3. Use natural light wherever possible . Another advantage of doing so is that human productivity increases in natural daylight.
4. Replace conventional bulbs with energy savers.
5. Turn off and disconnect appliances which go into stand-by mode. An estimated  5 to 10%of household energy consumption is due to stand-by mode. ''In the average home, 75%  of the electricity used to power home electronics the electricity used to power home electronics is consumed while the products are switched off.''
6. Properly insulate your homes so that, in winters homes stay warm and in summers, cool.
7. Allow a wider temperature range. For the human body 30c  is the upper limit pf comfort and 20c the lower limit. Temperatures outside this range are deemed uncomfortable for humans.

Energy Conservation of Pakistan

1. This is the era of powered machines and appliances. Every household has some  sort of electrically powered appliances, be it a ceiling fan, washing machine or a refrigerator. These appliances are necessary in our day-to-day lives; it is difficult to imagine living without them. All of these tools consume huge units of electrical energy.  
2.            However many people do not know much about the production of electricity and the massive amount of pollution created  by the process. People just plug in there appliances and keep machines on unnecessarily, without giving a second thought. Those who pay the electricity bills might be more conscious of regulating energy use but those who don't are simply ignorant.
3.            Electricity is produced in pakistan in mainly three ways, Hydro-electric dames, nuclear power plants and fossil fuel fired thermal power stations. By far thermal power stations are the major contributors. Around 65% of the nation's electricity is produced by these power stations. The basic concept behind thermal power station is that a fossil fuel(usually refined petroleum) is combusted and used to turn liquid water to steam. The steam is blown through a turbine which is connected to a generator. The generator axle rotates and thus produces electricity. The steam is condensed and dumped into a river. Typical efficiency is about 48%. 
   

   There are many environmental disasters linked with these power stations:
1. Greenhouse and toxic gases released upon burning the fuels.
2. Largest areas of land needed to build power stations so many animal habitats become endangered.
3. Combustion releases sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, contributing to acid rain.

pakistan  energy power station.

world Journey or Safari of Masai Mara, Kenya Forests

Then we romped about in the jeep for an hour, zigzagging through ubiquitous dirt tracks and drinking in some spectacular scenery. the driver knew where to take us in that limitless unmarked expanse of savannah is beyond me-but soon enough the gazelles appeared, Thomson's and Grant's, Grazing prettily on the sides, skipping along in front of us, occasionally casting curious glances in our direction with their wide dark eyes. There were antelope too, great grand curvy-horned bucks, and innocent- locking impalas, and then wildebeest,with their unmistakable shaggy gray beards, and this other unimpressive bovine creative called topi. We saw them, sometimes lounging around in intimate little groups, sometimes in enormous, herds, all swishing their tails, twitching their ears, and ruminating over supper, quite oblivious of our presence. sometimes they'd be seen hanging out with funny looking birds too, crowned cranes, Marabou storks and blue quails, and sometimes we'd catch them in rather embarrassing position. 

Soon the zebras also showed up, but the were never seen by themselves, or even in pairs. Zebras are full aware of their own desirableness in the eyes of a lion, sticking together in big bunches is the only defense mechanism the have to save themselves from becoming cat food. So when a lion sees a flock of zebra, he actually just sees an indistinct muddle of stripes, and while that can even confuse us at times, it is positively bewildering for the lion, who is also color-blind. But-if  you happen to be an individualistic, itinerant kind of zebra, it's not likely you'll even last the day. driver was telling us all these things.  

 I don't know where we were, but for the first time since the beginning of the safari, we saw a sign of other human beings- a specks of white parked about 20 kilometers ahead, with ant-sized heads popping out from on top, looking with great interest at something in grass. We made our way there. And as we approached the other jeep, we saw with our own eyes what it was that those people were gasping at.     Lions.
Six lions.  Lolling about in the grass, barely 50 yards away from us. Ripping the flesh off what  looked like a wildebeest carcass. It was unbelievable. Nobody spoke anything nobody even breathed. all you could hear was the sound of wind rustling through the grass, and the grunts and chomps of the lions ass they devoured the wildebeest.                                   nature Kenya

Forests of Masai Mara, Kenya

The Masai Mara National Game Reserve is situated 270 kilometers west of Kenya's Nairobi, a distance you can  cover by either jeep or plane. The Masai, a Nomadic pastoral tribe indigenous to East Africa, have inhabited the plains of southwestern Kenya and northern Tanzania since 1500 A.D During the colonial period, thousand of Masai, people were pushed off their ancestral lands for the expansion of cities and railways, and resorted to extreme poaching (in collusion with white hunters) as a means of earning  their daily bread.

  This is one journey i shall never forget. For one, we passed through some of the most beautiful countryside i have ever seen-rolling pastures,woody valleys, sweeping plateaus, every bot of land so delightfully green it wasn't just a feast for the eyes, it was a banquet, a 12-course meal, amply seasoned with zebras, gazelles, baboons, and even a pair of giraffes and ostriches thrown in for pudding (which we were rather lucky to see, according to one mean . considering we hadn't even reached the actual game reserve yet) . you see, zebras and gazelles roam around s freely in Kenyan countryside as cows  and goats do in pakistan. It was most fascinating. We saw our share of Kenyan cows and goats too (which are rather different looking from our kind), shepherded by skinny-legged red-swathed kids who,d wave at us rather violently with the toothiest of grins each time we passed. these were Masai children, One mean told us, recognizable by their distinct red clothing, and we saw many of them on the way. The Masai were only a single sheet of hand-woven woolen red cloth wrapped like an ehraam around their bodies;be it rain or storm, sun or snow, they wear nothing  else. We fascinatedly  stared at their bare arms and legs teasing the wind as if it were high summer. And traveling through that wide, beautiful country, through is bustling towns and villages, it farms, it wildernesses, past the unmistakably African acacia trees,the laughing, shiny-faced people- for beyond race, beyond the shade of our skins and the mould of our features, we were all just children of one man and one woman. they were neither black, nor white, nor red, nor yellow - they were simply, human.
  And so were we.                                   to be continued............other post.
                                                                    nature Kenya

balochistan nature

Baloch.
balochistan is part of pakistan and it the largest area of pakistan some names i say you about is districs bolan,kharan,makuran,zamuran,sibi,nushki,mastung.kholo,quetta.chagi,and lot of more and every distric have a own nature  and every nature have own beauty. and there lives baloch so thats its name is balochistan so dont waste time come and watch and see every beauty in nature in balochistan. there food is very famous in pakistan because its very testy the name is balochi says saji. it is chicken. and the ladies of balochistan  is very braver also. so come and watch best of world nature .
                                                                   nature balochistan

its is place there lives very braver and cearful or the recpect their holders.the people of balochistan live as nation. the roles and desiplins . the baloch means braver the area of balochistan is full of mountens and baloch people live in there it become easy to say there nature is beauty because with out mountens the nature become lasy or it not good nature.
                                                         nature culture balochistan

biology in nature

CATS AND INSECTS.                                                                                                   world nature
THE cats are awake for only one third of there lives. they sleep for sixteen hours for every twenty fours hours.                                            




INSECTS don,t have red blood likes us. it,s either colourless or very faint green or yellow.

CROCODILE.                                                                                                            world nature
THE crocodile weep when the eat, but it is purely because of physiological reason which makes them bawl.



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Elephant:
THE elephant cannot drink through their trunks.

Forests The guardians of the erth in (pakistan panjab)

The punjab governments proposed new muree development scheme had civil socity, international experts and the judiciary aghast at the possible distruction reserved forest area. muree is one of the few remaining tracts of the himalayan temperate forests especially in the province of punjab(pakistan).

nature punjab

The guardians of the erth in pakistan panjab. the report already highlighted the posible advers impacts to the area and WWF,s ecological baseline study further endorsed its ecological significance. the delays caused by the civil society protests and judicial activism and Environmental impact assessment (EIA) legislation were fortunately enough to hold back the powers that were fortunately enough out the project.
                                                                 nature punjab

there is the people who live as a farmer the largest area of panjab proviunce pakistan is full of grenry. the panjab is beauty full to the world nature. its is the largest proviunce of pakistan about population. beauty to see greenry. to watch the the beauty of world nature so watch the panjab pakistan.so come and enjoy our winter.                                        
                                              panjab     nature         pakistan

Given the unquie forest ecology that pakistan can boast, ther is no substantial data or ecological studies that have been careeid out in the areas. the inportance of baceline ecological studies cannot be stressed enough, given the scientific research proving the importance of a healthy ecosystem in sustenance of all life be it flora, fauna or human.                                      
                                                           nature punjab(pakistan)

Critical Status of Tecomella undulata in Takkar Wildlife Sanctuary;(SINDH PAKISTAN)

This sanctuary is situated on western side of Nara Wildlife sanctuary in rohir hills (N 27 05 - to 27 26 E 68 41 -to 53 sentigrates) in sukkur and khairpur disricts. its topography is dominated by rocky ridges intermingled with sandy hummocky area. it is about 50km from north to south and up to 16 km from  east to west. this range is about  40-50  m high above the plain. various archaeological periods have been identified  on those hills from paleolithic to bronze age by the department of archaeology.
                                                      nature biology in sindh pakistan

The streambeds (locally known as Nain) are common features along the rocky ridges. The silt, gravel ansand is brought down by rain and deposited in the streambeds. At sod me of the places, these beds become wider and are regarded as flat Inter-Rocky-Ridges- Alluvial plains. there is more abundance of vegetation in the streambeds and alluvial plains, and it conform the highest fertility of the soil. tress like salvadora oleoides and others are common  in streambeds. The population of T . UNDULLATA is also found there but is sparse as compared to aformentioned tress.
                                                                   nature pakistan sindh

Amazing Tree in Takkar Wildlife Sanctuary:
Tecomella undulata,
                              Tecomella undulata (roxb) seeman, belongs to bignoniaceae family, commonly known as Luhiro /Ruhero, is one of the key tree species of thar Desert. it is a deciduous tree with flag blossom orange flowers. it also merits as an ornamental tree. this tree is drought tolerant and easily survives in extreme dry condition.                          
                                                                                     nature of sindh